"""Illustrates sharding API used with asyncio.
For the sync version of this example, see separate_databases.py.
Most of the code here is copied from separate_databases.py and works
in exactly the same way. The main change is how the
``async_sessionmaker`` is configured, and as is specific to this example
the routine that generates new primary keys.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import asyncio
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import Column
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import inspect
from sqlalchemy import Integer
from sqlalchemy import select
from sqlalchemy import Table
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard import set_shard_id
from sqlalchemy.ext.horizontal_shard import ShardedSession
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import immediateload
from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
from sqlalchemy.sql import visitors
echo = True
db1 = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://", echo=echo)
db2 = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://", echo=echo)
db3 = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://", echo=echo)
db4 = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://", echo=echo)
# for asyncio, the ShardedSession class is passed
# via sync_session_class. The shards themselves are used within
# implicit-awaited internals, so we use the sync_engine Engine objects
# in the shards dictionary.
Session = async_sessionmaker(
sync_session_class=ShardedSession,
expire_on_commit=False,
shards={
"north_america": db1.sync_engine,
"asia": db2.sync_engine,
"europe": db3.sync_engine,
"south_america": db4.sync_engine,
},
)
# mappings and tables
class Base(DeclarativeBase):
pass
# we need a way to create identifiers which are unique across all databases.
# one easy way would be to just use a composite primary key, where one value
# is the shard id. but here, we'll show something more "generic", an id
# generation function. we'll use a simplistic "id table" stored in database
# #1. Any other method will do just as well; UUID, hilo, application-specific,
# etc.
ids = Table("ids", Base.metadata, Column("nextid", Integer, nullable=False))
def id_generator(ctx):
# id_generator is run within a "synchronous" context, where
# we use an implicit-await API that will convert back to explicit await
# calls when it reaches the driver.
with db1.sync_engine.begin() as conn:
nextid = conn.scalar(ids.select().with_for_update())
conn.execute(ids.update().values({ids.c.nextid: ids.c.nextid + 1}))
return nextid
# table setup. we'll store a lead table of continents/cities, and a secondary
# table storing locations. a particular row will be placed in the database
# whose shard id corresponds to the 'continent'. in this setup, secondary rows
# in 'weather_reports' will be placed in the same DB as that of the parent, but
# this can be changed if you're willing to write more complex sharding
# functions.
class WeatherLocation(Base):
__tablename__ = "weather_locations"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True, default=id_generator)
continent: Mapped[str]
city: Mapped[str]
reports: Mapped[list[Report]] = relationship(back_populates="location")
def __init__(self, continent: str, city: str):
self.continent = continent
self.city = city
class Report(Base):
__tablename__ = "weather_reports"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
location_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(
ForeignKey("weather_locations.id")
)
temperature: Mapped[float]
report_time: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
default=datetime.datetime.now
)
location: Mapped[WeatherLocation] = relationship(back_populates="reports")
def __init__(self, temperature: float):
self.temperature = temperature
# step 5. define sharding functions.
# we'll use a straight mapping of a particular set of "country"
# attributes to shard id.
shard_lookup = {
"North America": "north_america",
"Asia": "asia",
"Europe": "europe",
"South America": "south_america",
}
def shard_chooser(mapper, instance, clause=None):
"""shard chooser.
looks at the given instance and returns a shard id
note that we need to define conditions for
the WeatherLocation class, as well as our secondary Report class which will
point back to its WeatherLocation via its 'location' attribute.
"""
if isinstance(instance, WeatherLocation):
return shard_lookup[instance.continent]
else:
return shard_chooser(mapper, instance.location)
def identity_chooser(mapper, primary_key, *, lazy_loaded_from, **kw):
"""identity chooser.
given a primary key, returns a list of shards
to search. here, we don't have any particular information from a
pk so we just return all shard ids. often, you'd want to do some
kind of round-robin strategy here so that requests are evenly
distributed among DBs.
"""
if lazy_loaded_from:
# if we are in a lazy load, we can look at the parent object
# and limit our search to that same shard, assuming that's how we've
# set things up.
return [lazy_loaded_from.identity_token]
else:
return ["north_america", "asia", "europe", "south_america"]
def execute_chooser(context):
"""statement execution chooser.
this also returns a list of shard ids, which can just be all of them. but
here we'll search into the execution context in order to try to narrow down
the list of shards to SELECT.
"""
ids = []
# we'll grab continent names as we find them
# and convert to shard ids
for column, operator, value in _get_select_comparisons(context.statement):
# "shares_lineage()" returns True if both columns refer to the same
# statement column, adjusting for any annotations present.
# (an annotation is an internal clone of a Column object
# and occur when using ORM-mapped attributes like
# "WeatherLocation.continent"). A simpler comparison, though less
# accurate, would be "column.key == 'continent'".
if column.shares_lineage(WeatherLocation.__table__.c.continent):
if operator == operators.eq:
ids.append(shard_lookup[value])
elif operator == operators.in_op:
ids.extend(shard_lookup[v] for v in value)
if len(ids) == 0:
return ["north_america", "asia", "europe", "south_america"]
else:
return ids
def _get_select_comparisons(statement):
"""Search a Select or Query object for binary expressions.
Returns expressions which match a Column against one or more
literal values as a list of tuples of the form
(column, operator, values). "values" is a single value
or tuple of values depending on the operator.
"""
binds = {}
clauses = set()
comparisons = []
def visit_bindparam(bind):
# visit a bind parameter.
value = bind.effective_value
binds[bind] = value
def visit_column(column):
clauses.add(column)
def visit_binary(binary):
if binary.left in clauses and binary.right in binds:
comparisons.append(
(binary.left, binary.operator, binds[binary.right])
)
elif binary.left in binds and binary.right in clauses:
comparisons.append(
(binary.right, binary.operator, binds[binary.left])
)
# here we will traverse through the query's criterion, searching
# for SQL constructs. We will place simple column comparisons
# into a list.
if statement.whereclause is not None:
visitors.traverse(
statement.whereclause,
{},
{
"bindparam": visit_bindparam,
"binary": visit_binary,
"column": visit_column,
},
)
return comparisons
# further configure create_session to use these functions
Session.configure(
shard_chooser=shard_chooser,
identity_chooser=identity_chooser,
execute_chooser=execute_chooser,
)
async def setup():
# create tables
for db in (db1, db2, db3, db4):
async with db.begin() as conn:
await conn.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
# establish initial "id" in db1
async with db1.begin() as conn:
await conn.execute(ids.insert(), {"nextid": 1})
async def main():
await setup()
# save and load objects!
tokyo = WeatherLocation("Asia", "Tokyo")
newyork = WeatherLocation("North America", "New York")
toronto = WeatherLocation("North America", "Toronto")
london = WeatherLocation("Europe", "London")
dublin = WeatherLocation("Europe", "Dublin")
brasilia = WeatherLocation("South America", "Brasila")
quito = WeatherLocation("South America", "Quito")
tokyo.reports.append(Report(80.0))
newyork.reports.append(Report(75))
quito.reports.append(Report(85))
async with Session() as sess:
sess.add_all(
[tokyo, newyork, toronto, london, dublin, brasilia, quito]
)
await sess.commit()
t = await sess.get(
WeatherLocation,
tokyo.id,
options=[immediateload(WeatherLocation.reports)],
)
assert t.city == tokyo.city
assert t.reports[0].temperature == 80.0
# select across shards
asia_and_europe = (
await sess.execute(
select(WeatherLocation).filter(
WeatherLocation.continent.in_(["Europe", "Asia"])
)
)
).scalars()
assert {c.city for c in asia_and_europe} == {
"Tokyo",
"London",
"Dublin",
}
# optionally set a shard id for the query and all related loaders
north_american_cities_w_t = (
await sess.execute(
select(WeatherLocation)
.filter(WeatherLocation.city.startswith("T"))
.options(set_shard_id("north_america"))
)
).scalars()
# Tokyo not included since not in the north_america shard
assert {c.city for c in north_american_cities_w_t} == {
"Toronto",
}
# the Report class uses a simple integer primary key. So across two
# databases, a primary key will be repeated. The "identity_token"
# tracks in memory that these two identical primary keys are local to
# different shards.
newyork_report = newyork.reports[0]
tokyo_report = tokyo.reports[0]
assert inspect(newyork_report).identity_key == (
Report,
(1,),
"north_america",
)
assert inspect(tokyo_report).identity_key == (Report, (1,), "asia")
# the token representing the originating shard is also available
# directly
assert inspect(newyork_report).identity_token == "north_america"
assert inspect(tokyo_report).identity_token == "asia"
if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(main())